Landlocked: A Boon or Bane for EU Member States’ Agricultural Trade Competitiveness?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2026.180209How to Cite
Abstract
Some European countries have no sea and are close to other countries' mainlands. Trading agricultural products from different places may be difficult because of this circumstance. This study assesses EU Member States’ agricultural trade competitiveness and the impact of landlocked conditions on that competitiveness. This study analysed 27 EU countries between 2000 and 2022 using the Revealed Comparative Advantage, the Error Correction Model, and Propensity Score Matching. Landlocked conditions reduced the EU Member States' agricultural competitiveness. These findings support Diamond Porter's theory, which holds that any country must have factor conditions to generate advantages. Similarly, the New Trade theory promotes economic scale for all countries, even landlocked ones. Other factors in this study have varying impacts on the agricultural competitiveness of EU Member States.References
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